• The people of the 3rd generation lost the way.
• Jonathan Edwards began to spread the words of the gospel, in the North colonies.

• George Whitefield, went to Massachusetts to the puritans and the pilgrims, and preached there reminding them of the eternity and the punishment for the deserters of God.

George II (of Great Britain and Ireland) (1683-1760), king of Great Britain and Ireland (1727-60), and elector of Hannover (1727-60), the son of King George I.

George was born at Herrenhausen Palace in Hannover (now in Lower Saxony state, Germany) on November 10, 1683, and he grew up a German prince. In 1705 he married Caroline of Ansbach, an intelligent woman who wielded great influence over her husband and thereby on government. Like his father, George II was more interested in Hannover than in Great Britain, and during his many absences from London Caroline frequently acted as regent. During the war of the Austrian Succession (1740-48), the king subordinated the interests of Great Britain to those of his German principality. This policy was unpopular in Great Britain, but the king won admiration for his courage at the Battle of Dettingen in Bavaria (1743), the last engagement in which a British monarch participated in person. George II contributed to the material progress of Great Britain, mainly because he was shrewd enough to listen to his wife and heed the advice of his ministers. He retained Sir Robert Walpole as chief minister only upon Caroline's insistence, and he later relied on Henry Pelham, and, toward the end of his reign, William Pitt the Elder, although he originally had a great dislike for him. George's reign was marked by the suppression of the last major Jacobite rebellion (see Jacobites) and by the successful prosecution—at Pitt's initiative—of the Seven Years' War. He was succeeded by his grandson George III. George died at Kensington Palace, London, on October 25, 1760.

• The war originated in the breakdown of a three-way balance of power, in which the Iroquois Confederacy had occupied the middle ground between French and British colonies and had successfully excluded both from the strategically critical Ohio Valley.

• During the last years of King George's War (1744-1748), however, English traders had penetrated deeply into the Ohio country and established relations with tribes that had previously traded only with the French.

• Also in the late 1740s, the Ohio Company, a land-speculating syndicate based in Virginia, began making efforts to found a settlement at the forks of the Ohio (the confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny rivers, later the site of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania).

• in 1753 the French began building a chain of forts from Lake Erie to the forks of the Ohio, where in 1754 they built Fort Duquesne.

• This created a situation that Governor Robert Dinwiddie of Virginia could not ignore. In 1753 he tried unsuccessfully to warn them of their intrusion into English territory; the next year he sent an armed force under the command of George Washington to expel them. The French defeated Washington's troops at the Battle of Fort Necessity (July 3-4, 1754) and sent them back to Virginia. The French and Indian War had begun.

• As we can see the reason for the war is fur trade and the good land.

• 1750 The Americans came all the way to the Appalachian Mountains looking for fur.

• The French cough the Americans and throw them outside their territory.

• George Washington, decided to get back to the French and punish them for their doings.

• They get into the French English War "seven years war".

• The French fought next to their Algonquian allies.

• The English Were Losing the war.

  • William Pitt is assigned as the new prime minister of England.

  • He Organizes the Soldiers and start a new strategy.

   

  Pitt, William, 1st Earl of Chatham (1708-1778), prime minister of Great Britain (1766-1768), who also helped lead the country to victory over France in the Seven Years' War (1756-1763). Pitt was born in Westminster. He entered Parliament in 1735 and was appointed paymaster of the army in 1746 by King George II. War broke out with France in America in 1754 (see French and Indian War), becoming a general European war in 1756. In 1757 Pitt joined Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, to form a ministry that combined Newcastle's political experience with Pitt's dynamic energy. Pitt gave commands to able and ambitious young officers. In a series of remarkable victories the British conquered Canada, the area between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, the French West Indies, and the French trading posts in West Africa. The English East India Company destroyed French power in India, while British gold supported Frederick II of Prussia, who held out against France, Austria, and Russia until France was ready for peace. The death of George II in 1760 changed the political situation. His successor, the young George III, distrusted both Newcastle and Pitt. Pitt resigned in 1761. The rest of Pitt's life, including his time as prime minister from 1766 to 1768, was marked by political frustration and ill health.

• William Pinn defeated the french in Canada in the battle of monterial.

• In 1756-1758 Things turn around for the favor of the English.

• The French forces are defeated every in the world. So they sue for peace in 1763. "Treaty of Paris"

• The most important outcome for the Americans is that the French gave up Canada.!!

• Because the Indian raids came from Canada, as they were protected by the French.

"No Taxation Without Representation"

The Colonial Argument: ACTUAL Representation

• Without "actual" representation in Parliament, rights of British subjects in colonies unprotected 

The English Response: VIRTUAL Representation

• Parliament Represented ALL English Subjects "virtually", regardless of their residence

  ---

Note: In England, Parliamentary "representation" neither proportional to population nor, for the most part, based on elections in which few people vote.

• Vote for Commons limited to landowners; controlled by gentry and aristocracy

• "Rotten Boroughs" -- places in Commons where electorate consisted of a small number of voters (less than a dozen to a hundred or so)

• The Americans were forbidden to print their own currency,
• They have to use English silver.

Sugar and Molasses Acts 1764, legislation passed in the 18th century by the British Parliament for the purpose of *taxing and imposing shipment restrictions on sugar and molasses imported into the North American colonies from the West Indies. The acts are considered part of the Acts of Trade and Navigation, which are a series of laws passed by Great Britain through the 17th and 18th centuries to ensure profitable control of the industry and commerce of British colonies in Asia, Africa, and America. The taxation imposed by these acts is considered one of the indirect economic causes of the American Revolution. The regulation and enforcement of the acts was part of the mercantile system, the economic policy prevalent at that time in Europe.

• All sugar products coming from the Caribbean to the colonies should be taxed.

• King George Knew that the Americans are going to smuggle the sugar products, therefore he had Cutters 'small fast ships" coast guard.
• The Americans became angry

• Atlantic seaboard imported molasses from the islands of the West Indies. The largest importers were the New England colonies, where molasses was used in the highly profitable business of manufacturing rum.

• The colonists bought their molasses from either the British or foreign sugar planters.

• In order to obtain a monopoly of the molasses trade, the British sugar planters of Barbados and Jamaica induced Parliament to tax heavily any molasses imported into the North American colonies from colonies belonging to a foreign power.

• In 1733 Parliament passed the Molasses Act, part of which imposed a duty of sixpence per gallon on foreign molasses.

• The act was designed to force the northern colonies either to buy from British planters or give up the manufacture of rum. The colonists protested unsuccessfully against the act and then ignored it, smuggling in supplies of molasses from the French and Spanish West Indies.

• Tax the internal trade in the colonies.

• All printed materials must carry a small fixes revenue stamp, that costs 1/2 penny's.

• Therefore you are going to pay to the British government if you want to buy of sell any product.

• There was some of the community corrospondancre.

• Thugs who hated the British, started Harassing the Sellers as well as the buyers.

• Boycotts: refuse to Buy English products. consequently the English Trade went down to 50%.

• The merchants were Harassed and then went to the governor and asked him to put a limit to their work.

• 1766 Tar & feathering. "public Humiliation"

Committees of Correspondence, colonial groups organized prior to the American Revolution to mobilize public opinion and coordinate patriotic actions against Great Britain. They were established by private citizens, town councils, and legislatures in the American colonies. Although colonial legislatures had appointed committees and charged them with communicating with their counterparts in other provinces during the 1760s, the first revolutionary use of Committees of Correspondence occurred in Massachusetts in 1772. On November 2, the Boston town meeting voted to establish a 21-member committee "to state the Rights of the Colonists and of this Province in particular," to the other towns in the colony. Thereafter committees were formed throughout Massachusetts to respond to the Bostonians' communications. So successful were these committees in generating support for the province's radical opposition to the British that the Boston committee itself soon became a power in Massachusetts politics, where it assumed a leading role in organizing resistance to the Tea Act in 1773.

Intercolonial Committees of Correspondence were formed in most American legislatures after the Virginia House of Burgesses called for their creation in March 1773. These committees, along with local ones formed on the Massachusetts model, helped to spread opposition into nearly every county, city, and town in the colonies. As the revolutionary crisis intensified in the aftermath of the Boston Tea Party of December 1773 and the imposition of the Coercive Acts (see Intolerable Acts) of 1774, local committees began to exercise governmental functions and thus they heralded the later committee system.

The colonists won a temporary victory in 1766, when the Stamp Act was repealed. In the following year, however, they were again aroused by a new series of laws, called the Townshend Acts. One of the acts imposed duties, or import taxes, on glass, lead, tea, and other commodities. The colonists responded with a boycott of British goods and with violence against British customs officials.

• Notes:
• *Harsh new taxes on specialty items "glass, lead, paint, and tea".
• Heavy taxation's on the products that the Americans, brought to the Colonization's.
• In 1770  on the 5th of march,a British Red Coats were guarding, when 2 kids threw  a snow ball and inside it there is a rock.
• The Red coat, Runs after the kids until He hits him with the back of His pistol.

• There was a bar that have 65 American in it, who saw the soldier hitting the kid.

• The soldiers followed the red coats to their fort, throwing them with snow balls. An English Officer was afraid that the Americans were were going to act violently, so he ordered his men to fire on them.

• 6 Americans were killed and 9 were injured. "Boston Massacre"

• The Officer was taken to trial, and the court of Boston set him free for being innocence.

• The hatred increased, and in 1769-1772 the Americans believed that the British are planning to take their Liberty away from them. there they lost trust in the English, And the British did not understand Why they were angry. But they realized that they are dealing with Americans, which do not like to be slaved.

Boston Port Act, legislation passed by the British Parliament in March 1774, designed to punish the people of Boston for the so-called Boston Tea Party, the destruction of tea in Boston Harbor on December 16, 1773. Provisions of the bill, known as one of the Intolerable Acts, included the virtual closing of Boston Harbor to commerce and the removal of the seat of government of the Massachusetts Bay Colony from Boston to Salem. To enforce the legislation, British troops occupied Boston, and the harbor was blockaded.

• The British East India company, got stock with large amounts of tea.

• There they approach the win win move by offering the tea to the Americans for 50% discount.

• The English fixed a small label on the tea, as a taxation, thinking hat the Americans will not notice.

• The Americans knew about it and did not buy it.

• * A group of drunk Bostonians, many of them disguised as Native Americans, boarded three British ships laden with 342 chests of tea and emptied the tea into Boston Harbor. (Boston tea party).

• ß500,000, was the coast of the lost tea.

• * George III got very angry and in spring 1774 assigned a serious of laws called the Intolerable Acts as a result of the Tea Party act.

• 6 different bills.

• the Boston party bill.

• The Port of Boston would be closed until the ß500,000 are  paid.
• This act means the killing the colony economically.

• General Thomas Gage, became the governor and was supplied with 10,000 troops surrounding the city.

• A meeting is held in Massachusetts in October 1774, which was called the continental congress.

About 50 delegates represented all of the 13 colonies except Georgia. The Congress issued a petition to George III, king of Great Britain, appealing to him to help restore harmony between Britain and the colonies. The Congress also called for the colonies to boycott trade with Britain. Before adjourning in October, the delegates summoned a second Congress to assemble in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775.

When the Second Continental Congress convened on the appointed date, the delegates formed committees and assumed governmental duties that had previously been exercised by the king.

1. .The Congress authorized George Washington to organize the Continental Army. It also formulated trade regulations; issued paper money; and sent emissaries to negotiate with foreign powers for financial, diplomatic, and military assistance.
2. In May 1776 the Congress instructed the colonies to form their own governments and began debating a resolution in favor of independence. It approved the resolution on July 2, 1776, and on July 4 it adopted the Declaration of Independence.
3. November 15, 1777, the delegates finally agreed on the Articles of Confederation, which codified their procedures and stipulated their powers. When the states approved the Articles of Confederation on March 1, 1781, the Continental Congress was replaced by the Congress of the Confederation. After the Constitution of the United States was adopted in 1789, the Congress of the Confederation was succeeded by the present Congress of the United States.

John Adams

Sam Adams

George Washington

John Hancock

Jasmes Madison

Thomas Gage

Lexington, Battle of, brief skirmish that marked the first military clash in the American Revolution (1775-1783). It took place on April 19, 1775, between some 70 colonial minutemen commanded by Captain John Parker, and about 700 British soldiers marching on Concord, Massachusetts, under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith. The American militia, warned of the British approach by the patriot Paul Revere and others, had assembled to halt the British. Inspired by the words of Captain Parker: "Stand your ground; don't fire unless fired upon, but if they mean to have a war, let it begin here," the Americans refused to disperse when ordered to do so by the commander of the British advance units. Gunfire was exchanged and eight Americans were killed before the minutemen retreated. The Battle of Concord ensued (see Concord, Battle of).

• 6 am in the morning, the people in Lexington heard that the Red cots are marching towards the town.

• On the way to Lexington, where about 60-70 patriots were drinking their coffee.

• The Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith asked the Americans rudely to move from the bridge, but they refused.

• One of the stories says that a colonist drooped his cup of coffee and made a noise, the British Colonel thought that is was gun fire, consequently he ordered his men to fire, killing 8 Americans. The rest retreated.

Battles of Lexington and Concord

On the night of April 18, 1775, British General Thomas Gage ordered his troops to Concord, Massachusetts, to seize a large cache of arms and gunpowder that American colonists had stored there. Boston patriots rode quickly toward Lexington and Concord to warn people about the approaching army. The colonial militias first opposed the British at Lexington. However, the British continued on to Concord. There additional colonial militias forced them to retreat and harassed them all the way back to Boston.

Concord, Battle of, first serious engagement of the American Revolution, which followed the American patriot Paul Revere's famous ride warning of British attack. The battle was fought at Concord, Massachusetts, on April 19, 1775. Large quantities of ammunition and military stores had been gathered by the colonists at Concord. The British general Thomas Gage sent about 700 British soldiers,.

• under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, to Concord; their orders were to capture or destroy the supplies.

• The colonial militia, or minutemen, had been warned of the British advance by the American patriots Paul Revere, William Dawes, and Samuel Prescott. A skirmish had occurred at Lexington, Massachusetts, that morning, arousing excitement throughout the countryside but causing no serious block to the advancing force, which reached Concord at 7:30 AM.

• The minutemen, numbering between 300 and 400, took position on the farther side of the North Bridge over the Concord River and stubbornly resisted the British advance. After the arrival of the british, they women of concordia kept them entertained while the Americans were ambushing them,.

• Several men on both sides were killed or wounded. The British troops fell back and began a retreat toward Boston. They were constantly harassed on the way by irregular colonial militia, steadily increasing in number, who fired from every vantage point and prevented any concerted attack.

• The British troops, exhausted and demoralized, finally reached Lexington, where they were reinforced by troops commanded by Brigadier General Hugh Percy.

• The colonists pursued the British all the way to Charles town, Massachusetts, until the retreat became little better than a rout. The battle was significant, not in terms of casualties—more than 270 British and fewer than 100 Americans—but in demonstrating the resolution and fighting power of the Americans. In 1837 a stone replica of North Bridge was dedicated on the battle site.

Declaration of Independence, in United States history, Was the most important for the revolution and with it There would not be One.

1. An opening section, which states that the king of England is a tyrant and is abusing the laws of God, Life,Liberty , happiness. King George broke his contract, therefore the people have the right to stand up for the revolution.

        2.  The second half of the it was basically a Laundry List:

• Basically was a law suite against George II.

• List of bad things that the king did to the American people.

• In the 2nd of July the decleration was finished and was offered to the congress, thought the people Knew about on the 4th of July 1776.

• Thomas Kane, an English who printed things against the king. he lived in America, and went back to England where he was thrown in prison.